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Accounts

Every account can be accessed through two types, PublicAccount and AuthAccount.

PublicAccount

Public Account objects have the type PublicAccount, which represents the publicly available portion of an account.

struct PublicAccount {

    let address: Address
    // The FLOW balance of the default vault of this account
    let balance: UFix64
    // The FLOW balance of the default vault of this account that is available to be moved
    let availableBalance: UFix64
    // Amount of storage used by the account, in bytes
    let storageUsed: UInt64
    // storage capacity of the account, in bytes
    let storageCapacity: UInt64

    // Contracts deployed to the account
    let contracts: PublicAccount.Contracts

    // Keys assigned to the account
    let keys: PublicAccount.Keys

    // Storage operations

    fun getCapability<T>(_ path: PublicPath): Capability<T>
    fun getLinkTarget(_ path: CapabilityPath): Path?

    struct Contracts {

        let names: [String]

        fun get(name: String): DeployedContract?
    }

    struct Keys {
        // Returns the key at the given index, if it exists.
        // Revoked keys are always returned, but they have \`isRevoked\` field set to true.
        fun get(keyIndex: Int): AccountKey?
    }
}

Any code can get the PublicAccount for an account address using the built-in getAccount function:

fun getAccount(_ address: Address): PublicAccount

AuthAccount

Authorized Account object have the type AuthAccount, which represents the authorized portion of an account.

Access to an AuthAccount means having full access to its storage, public keys, and code.

Only signed transactions can get the AuthAccount for an account. For each signer of the transaction that signs as an authorizer, the corresponding AuthAccount object is passed to the prepare phase of the transaction.

struct AuthAccount {

    let address: Address
    // The FLOW balance of the default vault of this account
    let balance: UFix64
    // The FLOW balance of the default vault of this account that is available to be moved
    let availableBalance: UFix64
    // Amount of storage used by the account, in bytes
    let storageUsed: UInt64
    // storage capacity of the account, in bytes
    let storageCapacity: UInt64

    // Contracts deployed to the account

    let contracts: AuthAccount.Contracts

    // Keys assigned to the account

    let keys: AuthAccount.Keys

    // Account storage API (see the section below for documentation)

    fun save<T>(_ value: T, to: StoragePath)
    fun load<T>(from: StoragePath): T?
    fun copy<T: AnyStruct>(from: StoragePath): T?

    fun borrow<T: &Any>(from: StoragePath): T?

    fun link<T: &Any>(_ newCapabilityPath: CapabilityPath, target: Path): Capability<T>?
    fun getCapability<T>(_ path: CapabilityPath): Capability<T>
    fun getLinkTarget(_ path: CapabilityPath): Path?
    fun unlink(_ path: CapabilityPath)

    struct Contracts {

        // The names of each contract deployed to the account
        let names: [String]

        fun add(
            name: String,
            code: [UInt8],
            ... contractInitializerArguments
        ): DeployedContract

        fun update__experimental(name: String, code: [UInt8]): DeployedContract

        fun get(name: String): DeployedContract?

        fun remove(name: String): DeployedContract?
    }

    struct Keys {
        // Adds a new key with the given hashing algorithm and a weight, and returns the added key.
        fun add(
            publicKey: PublicKey,
            hashAlgorithm: HashAlgorithm,
            weight: UFix64
        ): AccountKey

        // Returns the key at the given index, if it exists, or nil otherwise.
        // Revoked keys are always returned, but they have `isRevoked` field set to true.
        fun get(keyIndex: Int): AccountKey?

        // Marks the key at the given index revoked, but does not delete it.
        // Returns the revoked key if it exists, or nil otherwise.
        fun revoke(keyIndex: Int): AccountKey?
    }
}

struct DeployedContract {
    let name: String
    let code: [UInt8]
}

A script can get the AuthAccount for an account address using the built-in getAuthAccount function:

fun getAuthAccount(_ address: Address): AuthAccount

This AuthAccount object can perform all operations associated with authorized accounts, and as such this function is only available in scripts, which discard their changes upon completion. Attempting to use this function outside of a script will cause a type error.

Account Creation

Accounts can be created by calling the AuthAccount constructor and passing the account that should pay for the account creation for the payer parameter.

The payer must have enough funds to be able to create an account. If the account does not have the required funds, the program aborts.

transaction() {
    prepare(signer: AuthAccount) {
        let account = AuthAccount(payer: signer)
    }
}

Account Keys

An account (both PublicAccount and AuthAccount) has keys associated with it. An account key has the following structure.

struct AccountKey {
    let keyIndex: Int
    let publicKey: PublicKey
    let hashAlgorithm: HashAlgorithm
    let weight: UFix64
    let isRevoked: Bool
}

Refer the PublicKey section for more details on the creation and validity of public keys.

Account Key API

Account key API provides a set of functions to manage account keys.

Add Account Keys

To authorize access to the account, keys can be added using the add() function. Keys can only be added to an AuthAccount.

For example, to create an account and have the signer of the transaction pay for the account creation, and authorize one key to access the account:

transaction(publicKey: [UInt8]) {
    prepare(signer: AuthAccount) {
        let key = PublicKey(
            publicKey: publicKey,
            signatureAlgorithm: SignatureAlgorithm.ECDSA_P256
        )

        let account = AuthAccount(payer: signer)

        account.keys.add(
            publicKey: key,
            hashAlgorithm: HashAlgorithm.SHA3_256,
            weight: 10.0
        )
    }
}

To add a public key to an existing account, which signed the transaction:

transaction(publicKey: [UInt8]) {
    prepare(signer: AuthAccount) {
        let key = PublicKey(
            publicKey: publicKey,
            signatureAlgorithm: SignatureAlgorithm.ECDSA_P256
        )

        signer.keys.add(
            publicKey: key,
            hashAlgorithm: HashAlgorithm.SHA3_256,
            weight: 10.0
        )
    }
}

Get Account Keys

Keys that are added to an account can be retrieved using get() function, using the index of the key. Revoked keys are always returned, but they have isRevoked field set to true. Returns nil if there is no key available at the given index. Keys can be retrieved from both PublicAccout and AuthAccount.

transaction() {
    prepare(signer: AuthAccount) {
        // Get a key from an auth account.
        let keyA = signer.keys.get(2)

        // Get a key from the public aacount.
        let publicAccount = getAccount(0x42)
        let keyB = publicAccount.keys.get(2)
    }
}

Revoke Account Keys

Keys that have been added to an account can be revoked using revoke() function. Revoke function only marks the key at the given index as revoked, but never deletes it. Keys can only be revoked from an AuthAccount.

transaction() {
    prepare(signer: AuthAccount) {
        // Get a key from an auth account.
        let keyA = signer.keys.revoke(2)
    }
}

Account Storage

All accounts have storage. Both resources and structures can be stored in account storage.

Paths

Objects are stored under paths. Paths consist of a domain and an identifier.

Paths start with the character /, followed by the domain, the path separator /, and finally the identifier. For example, the path /storage/test has the domain storage and the identifier test.

There are only three valid domains: storage, private, and public.

Objects in storage are always stored in the storage domain.

Paths in the storage domain have type StoragePath, in the private domain PrivatePath, and in the public domain PublicPath.

PrivatePath and PublicPath are subtypes of CapabilityPath.

Both StoragePath and CapabilityPath are subtypes of Path.

Path
CapabilityPathStoragePath
PrivatePathPublicPath

Path Functions

  • fun toString(): String

    Returns the string representation of the path.

    let storagePath = /storage/path

storagePath.toString()  // is "/storage/path"

There are also utilities to produce paths from strings:

fun PublicPath(identifier: string): PublicPath?
fun PrivatePath(identifier: string): PrivatePath?
fun StoragePath(identifier: string): StoragePath?

Each of these functions take an identifier and produce a path of the appropriate domain:

let pathID = "foo"
let path = PublicPath(identifier: pathID) // is /public/foo

Account Storage API

Account storage is accessed through the following functions of AuthAccount. This means that any code that has access to the authorized account has access to all its stored objects.

  • fun save<T>(_ value: T, to: StoragePath)

    Saves an object to account storage. Resources are moved into storage, and structures are copied.

    T is the type parameter for the object type. It can be inferred from the argument's type.

    If there is already an object stored under the given path, the program aborts.

    The path must be a storage path, i.e., only the domain storage is allowed.

  • fun type(at path: StoragePath): Type?

    Reads the type of an object from the account's storage which is stored under the given path, or nil if no object is stored under the given path.

    If there is an object stored, the type of the object is returned without modifying the stored object.

    The path must be a storage path, i.e., only the domain storage is allowed

  • fun load<T>(from: StoragePath): T?

    Loads an object from account storage. If no object is stored under the given path, the function returns nil. If there is an object stored, the stored resource or structure is moved out of storage and returned as an optional. When the function returns, the storage no longer contains an object under the given path.

    T is the type parameter for the object type. A type argument for the parameter must be provided explicitly.

    The type T must be a supertype of the type of the loaded object. If it is not, execution will abort with an error. The given type does not necessarily need to be exactly the same as the type of the loaded object.

    The path must be a storage path, i.e., only the domain storage is allowed.

  • fun copy<T: AnyStruct>(from: StoragePath): T?

    Returns a copy of a structure stored in account storage, without removing it from storage.

    If no structure is stored under the given path, the function returns nil. If there is a structure stored, it is copied. The structure stays stored in storage after the function returns.

    T is the type parameter for the structure type. A type argument for the parameter must be provided explicitly.

    The type T must be a supertype of the type of the copied structure. If it is not, execution will abort with an error. The given type does not necessarily need to be exactly the same as the type of the copied structure.

    The path must be a storage path, i.e., only the domain storage is allowed.

// Declare a resource named `Counter`.
//
resource Counter {
    pub var count: Int

    pub init(count: Int) {
        self.count = count
    }
}

// In this example an authorized account is available through the constant `authAccount`.

// Create a new instance of the resource type `Counter`
// and save it in the storage of the account.
//
// The path `/storage/counter` is used to refer to the stored value.
// Its identifier `counter` was chosen freely and could be something else.
//
authAccount.save(<-create Counter(count: 42), to: /storage/counter)

// Run-time error: Storage already contains an object under path `/storage/counter`
//
authAccount.save(<-create Counter(count: 123), to: /storage/counter)

// Load the `Counter` resource from storage path `/storage/counter`.
//
// The new constant `counter` has the type `Counter?`, i.e., it is an optional,
// and its value is the counter resource, that was saved at the beginning
// of the example.
//
let counter <- authAccount.load<@Counter>(from: /storage/counter)

// The storage is now empty, there is no longer an object stored
// under the path `/storage/counter`.

// Load the `Counter` resource again from storage path `/storage/counter`.
//
// The new constant `counter2` has the type `Counter?` and is `nil`,
// as nothing is stored under the path `/storage/counter` anymore,
// because the previous load moved the counter out of storage.
//
let counter2 <- authAccount.load<@Counter>(from: /storage/counter)

// Create another new instance of the resource type `Counter`
// and save it in the storage of the account.
//
// The path `/storage/otherCounter` is used to refer to the stored value.
//
authAccount.save(<-create Counter(count: 123), to: /storage/otherCounter)

// Load the `Vault` resource from storage path `/storage/otherCounter`.
//
// The new constant `vault` has the type `Vault?` and its value is `nil`,
// as there is a resource with type `Counter` stored under the path,
// which is not a subtype of the requested type `Vault`.
//
let vault <- authAccount.load<@Vault>(from: /storage/otherCounter)

// The storage still stores a `Counter` resource under the path `/storage/otherCounter`.

// Save the string "Hello, World" in storage
// under the path `/storage/helloWorldMessage`.

authAccount.save("Hello, world!", to: /storage/helloWorldMessage)

// Copy the stored message from storage.
//
// After the copy, the storage still stores the string under the path.
// Unlike `load`, `copy` does not remove the object from storage.
//
let message = authAccount.copy<String>(from: /storage/helloWorldMessage)

// Create a new instance of the resource type `Vault`
// and save it in the storage of the account.
//
authAccount.save(<-createEmptyVault(), to: /storage/vault)

// Invalid: Cannot copy a resource, as this would allow arbitrary duplication.
//
let vault <- authAccount.copy<@Vault>(from: /storage/vault)

As it is convenient to work with objects in storage without having to move them out of storage, as it is necessary for resources, it is also possible to create references to objects in storage: This is possible using the borrow function of an AuthAccount:

  • fun borrow<T: &Any>(from: StoragePath): T?

    Returns a reference to an object in storage without removing it from storage. If no object is stored under the given path, the function returns nil. If there is an object stored, a reference is returned as an optional.

    T is the type parameter for the object type. A type argument for the parameter must be provided explicitly. The type argument must be a reference to any type (&Any; Any is the supertype of all types). It must be possible to create the given reference type T for the stored / borrowed object. If it is not, execution will abort with an error. The given type does not necessarily need to be exactly the same as the type of the borrowed object.

    The path must be a storage path, i.e., only the domain storage is allowed.

// Declare a resource interface named `HasCount`, that has a field `count`
//
resource interface HasCount {
    count: Int
}

// Declare a resource named `Counter` that conforms to `HasCount`
//
resource Counter: HasCount {
    pub var count: Int

    pub init(count: Int) {
        self.count = count
    }
}

// In this example an authorized account is available through the constant `authAccount`.

// Create a new instance of the resource type `Counter`
// and save it in the storage of the account.
//
// The path `/storage/counter` is used to refer to the stored value.
// Its identifier `counter` was chosen freely and could be something else.
//
authAccount.save(<-create Counter(count: 42), to: /storage/counter)

// Create a reference to the object stored under path `/storage/counter`,
// typed as `&Counter`.
//
// `counterRef` has type `&Counter?` and is a valid reference, i.e. non-`nil`,
// because the borrow succeeded:
//
// There is an object stored under path `/storage/counter`
// and it has type `Counter`, so it can be borrowed as `&Counter`
//
let counterRef = authAccount.borrow<&Counter>(from: /storage/counter)

counterRef?.count // is `42`

// Create a reference to the object stored under path `/storage/counter`,
// typed as `&{HasCount}`.
//
// `hasCountRef` is non-`nil`, as there is an object stored under path `/storage/counter`,
// and the stored value of type `Counter` conforms to the requested type `{HasCount}`:
// the type `Counter` implements the restricted type's restriction `HasCount`

let hasCountRef = authAccount.borrow<&{HasCount}>(from: /storage/counter)

// Create a reference to the object stored under path `/storage/counter`,
// typed as `&{SomethingElse}`.
//
// `otherRef` is `nil`, as there is an object stored under path `/storage/counter`,
// but the stored value of type `Counter` does not conform to the requested type `{Other}`:
// the type `Counter` does not implement the restricted type's restriction `Other`

let otherRef = authAccount.borrow<&{Other}>(from: /storage/counter)

// Create a reference to the object stored under path `/storage/nonExistent`,
// typed as `&{HasCount}`.
//
// `nonExistentRef` is `nil`, as there is nothing stored under path `/storage/nonExistent`
//
let nonExistentRef = authAccount.borrow<&{HasCount}>(from: /storage/nonExistent)

Storage limit

An account's storage is limited by its storage capacity.

An account's storage used is the sum of the size of all the data that is stored in an account (in MB). An account's storage capacity is a value that is calculated from the amount of FLOW that is stored in the account's main FLOW token vault.

At the end of every transaction, the storage used is compared to the storage capacity. For all accounts involved in the transaction, if the account's storage used is greater than its storage capacity, the transaction will fail.

An account's storage used and storage capacity can be checked using the storageUsed and storageCapacity fields. The fields represent current values of storage which means this would be true:

let storageUsedBefore = authAccount.storageUsed
authAccount.save(<-create Counter(count: 123), to: /storage/counter)
let storageUsedAfter = authAccount.storageUsed

let storageUsedChanged = storageUsedBefore != storageUsedAfter // is true